urine specimens with reduced contaminatlon. (b) Measurement of residual bladder urine volume

Pelvic floor exercises for mild in contence In post-menopausal women for urefharal atrophy use of topical dinoestrol cream. Surgery for severe cases .Detrusor instability -may respond id bladder drill. Patient is instructed to increase time interval between voids until normal voiding frequency is established. Far more severe cases anticholinergic e.g oxybutyrin 5-10mg t.ds Also imipramine Surgery of drug treatment fails. Bladder hypersensitivity - Treatment of cause If small fibrotic bladder (e.g. interstitial cystitis). substitution cystoplasty. Bed-wetting - See diseases of children Neuropaihc incontinence - For involunrary detrusor activity anticholinergic drugs, for acontractile bladder clean intermittent self - catheterization, and for incontinence with senile dementia special pads and pants INCONTINENCE IN THE ELDERLY Causes - Acute Infections, especially of urinary tract, cerebrovascular accidents, diuretics, sebatives, faecal lmpactionT uterine prolapse or prostartism. 10. URINAPY CATHETERIZATION lndicatlona - 1. Diagnosis and reliaf of urinary retention 2. Management of urinary Incontinence. 3. Following urological or other peivic surgery or trauma 4. Measurement of urine output In critically ill patients. 5. To facilitate dagnostic tests • (a) collection of bladder urine specimens with reduced contaminatlon. (b) Measurement of residual bladder urine volume, (c) Cystometrography and cystourography Choice of catheter - is determined by the indication for its use. 1. Self -retaining catheters - A balloon or Foley catheter is praferred when the catheter must remain In the bladder - (i) A silicone coated catheter is favoured for short-term drainage (ii) A silastic catheter is