. Uroteral obatructlon - Stones, crystals, tumours, papillary necrosis, ratroperitonlal fibrosis

shock, massive pub-nonary embolism Trauma, surgery, bums, Gl losses, exudative darmatis 2 Decreased effactive plasma volume - Liver failure, sepsis. shock 3 Penovasacular obstrucion -tromanbasis.r embolism. desecting aneurysm 4 Altered renal autoregulation -NSAIDs, ACEs. cyclosporine 5. Hepatorenal. syndrome Intierestic renal diaease -1 Glomerular and micro vascular dlseaaes - Idopathic rapidy progressive glomentloneprits, post-acute nephritc syndrome, SBE. vseculitls. SLE. anti-glomerular basement membrane. diasease Hemolytic uremic syndrome, DIG, malignant hypertension, eclarrpasla, £ alcute Intersatital nephratis - Drugs (penicilinil, NSAlDs, allopurinol, nifampicin, phenytoinr sulpynpyrazon, infections (leptospirosis. legionnaires disease. hantavirus), granutomas lymhoma. leuhamia, sarcoid). crystals (hyperuricemia. hypercalcemia) 3. Acute tubular necrosis - Drugs, aminoglyccsides, amphotericin B. cephalosporins cotrimoxsazole, cyelosporin. lithium, radiographic contrast media. Post renal - 1. Bladder outllow obstruction -Prostatic hypertrophy or carcinoma, neurogenlc bladder 2. Uroteral obatructlon - Stones, crystals, tumours, papillary necrosis, ratroperitonlal fibrosis 3 Major vessel occlusion - Penal artery thrombosis, renal vein thrombosia Pathogsnesis of ARF-Reducion in GRF is initially due to hypoperfusion associated with afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction Failure or recovery of renal function alter restoration of circulation may be due to diffrent mechanisms in ditferent situations (a) Interference with Internal humoral mechanisms - which control glomerular arteriolar tone and glomerular fitration (e. g. by Interenal release ol vasoactive