BACTEROLOQICAL EXAMIlNATlON - Bacterla - most commonly found are .E Coll, Pseudomonas pyocyaneus,

BACTEROLOQICAL EXAMIlNATlON - Bacterla - most commonly found are .E Coll, Pseudomonas pyocyaneus, Slaphylococus aueus, Proteug vulgaria, Klabsiella pneumoniae and Sireptococus faecalis. A clear relationship has bann demorstrated berween in vliro sensltivity öf the organisrm and tha outcame of treatment. and laboratory control of chemoterapy improves Ihe chaneas of sucessfuI Ireatment. Spirochetes - Leptosplra clerohemorrhaglca Ova and paraslies - Tnchomonas vaginalis and ova of oxyuris vermlcularis and öf schistosoma hematobium. Larvae of fllaria Scollceas and hookfels öf hydatld cysts Spermatozoa - sorreilmes found lollowing noctumal emlsslona, convulslons or prostatio massage V SPEClAL TESTS -Pregnancy test - Corcentratlon öf human chorlonic gonadoirophln (HCG) Increased (1-5/ml) with in one week after the first missed period. Urinary free cortisol, catecholaminas etc - See Chapler 5 Assessmenl öf Ranal Function Indications -1 Renal dlsease - (a) Detection (b) Evaluating lis saverity (c) FollowJng its progress 2 .Evaluation öf safety and effectlveness öf drugs excreted by tha kidneys. TESTS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS - l Urina axamination and usully a quantltatlve measurement öf protelnurla II Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the most widaly usedtest of renal function. CALCULATION OF CLEAPANCE GRF is assessd by estirmating the clearance of a subslance evcreled by glomenilar filtration. The mcst commonly performed tesis are -1 Measurement öl plasma concentrations öf creatinine and urea whlch indlrectly rellect GFR 2 Creatlnlna clearance estimatlons. which are rnuch less canvenient and parlormed at infraquenl intervals lo tollow the long-term course Dl diseases potenliälly causing renal iailure Formula The rate at which asubstane is filtered will be tha same äs the rate of appearance In urine. that is. UV mmovrminute.